| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may beconverted from one form to another |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics: |
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| 1. when energy is changed from one form to another,some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) |
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| removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards |
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Parts of the hydrologic cycle:
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| evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation,precipitation, infiltration |
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Nitrogen fixing:
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| because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria |
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| decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia |
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| ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3) |
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| inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/aminoacids & proteins |
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| bacteria convert ammonia back into N |
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| does not circulate as easily as N because: it does not exist as a gas, but isreleased by weathering of phosphate rocks |
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| the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising theability of future generations to meet their needs |
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plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates(glucose C6H12O6) |
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| oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers breakdown complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2 |
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| Largest reservoirs of Carbon: |
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| carbonate rocks first, oceans second |
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| large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals |
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| the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area |
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R Strategist v K Strategist
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R strategist: reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring K strategist:reproduce late, few, cared for offspring |
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| when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (EX: warmer Earth – snow melts – less sunlight isreflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth) |
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| said human population cannot continue to increase. Consequences will be war, famine & disease |
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rule of 70 70 divided by the percent growth rate
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Replacement level fertility:
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the number of children a couple must have to replacethemselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) |
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| almost 6 1/2 billion US Population: 299 million |
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| birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infantmortality high |
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| death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast |
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| decline in birth rate, population growth slows |
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(broad base, rapid growth)(narrow base, negativegrowth)(uniform shape, zero growth) |
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1st & 2nd most populated countries:
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| Most important thing affecting population growth: |
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Ways to decrease birth rate:
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| family planning, contraception, economic rewards &penalties |
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| when a changing in some condition triggers a response that Counteracts the changed condition (EX: warmer earth – more ocean evaporation – more Stratus clouds – less sunlight reaches the ground – therefore cooler Earth |
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| (Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC’s) (EFFECT:they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm |
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Effects of global warming:
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rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather,droughts (famine), extinctions |
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Ozone depletion caused by:
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| CFC’s, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon,methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone |
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Effects of ozone depletion:
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| increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plantgrowth |
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| species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others,ex sea otter |
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| species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is beingdamaged ex trout |
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Most endangered species share the following similarities (3)
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| have a small range, require large territory or live on anisland |
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Endangered species: (List examples)
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| North spotted Owl (loss of old growth forest), Bald Eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), Piping Plover (nesting areas threatened bydevelopment) |
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Garret Hardin & The Tragedy of the Commons:
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| Freedom to breed is bringing ruin toall. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none |
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| controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissionstargets for developed countries |
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| phase-out of ozone deleting substances |
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| identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, andputs their protection ahead of economic considerations |
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species:
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lists species that cannot becommercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products |
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